Exercise May Boost Size of Some Brain Regions

Exercise may increase the size of brain regions that contribute to balance and coordination, preliminary research suggests.

The small new study in twins found that those who exercised more had increased brain volume in areas of the brain related to movement.

These changes may have health implications in the long-term, such as possibly reducing the risk of falling and mobility limitations in older age.

However, the study authors can't definitively say that more exercise caused more brain volume in these areas. In addition, it's not clear what benefit these bigger brain regions might offer, and the researchers don't know how much exercise is needed to prompt a change in size.

Physical activity has been linked to a number of improved outcomes, such as lower levels of body fat, reduced heart disease risk factors, better memory and thinking, and a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, according to background information in the study. Kujala said the researchers launched the current study because they wanted to better understand how physical activity in leisure time affects the brain.

For the study, the researchers chose 10 pairs of identical twins. The participants were all men aged 32 to 36 years. The study focused on identical twins because they share the same DNA, allowing researchers to study how the environment affects their bodies.

In each pair of twins, one brother had exercised more over the past three years than the other. The twins reported getting about the same levels of exercise at earlier times in their lives.

On average, the more active members of twin pairs were jogging 3 hours more per week compared to their inactive co-twins.

All of the twins had MRI scans of their brains so that the researchers could see what impact exercise had on the size of the brain and specific regions of the brain.

Exercise didn't seem to affect the size of the entire brain, but there was a connection between more exercise and more brain volume in areas related to movement.

The researchers also found that the twins who exercised more did a better job of controlling their blood sugar, potentially reducing the risk of diabetes. That finding isn't particularly surprising because physical fitness has previously been linked to lower rates of diabetes.

This study is interesting, but it only looks at a very small number of men and doesn't follow the participants over time to see what happens to them.

For that reason, it's impossible to know if factors other than exercise may be affecting the brain regions.

In addition, this study doesn't make it clear if having larger brain regions is helpful in any way, although it's possible that they may provide a kind of reserve brainpower that could be good to have in old age.

Besides, the study is small, and it says nothing about women.

Still, the study results are one more important validation in regard to the positive influence physical activity has on the brain, its function, and overall personal health and well-being.

This study reinforces a greatly underappreciated fact, that regular exercise has a powerful health impact throughout the body, including the brain. 

The take-home message: MOVE!

The study is published in the March 2015 issue of the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.

References: 

1.  Urho Kujala, M.D., Ph.D., professor of sports and exercise medicine, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland; 

2.  Rong Zhang, Ph.D., associate professor, internal medicine, neurology and neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; 

3.  Brad Roy, Ph.D., executive director, The Summit Medical Fitness Center, Kalispell Regional Medical Center, Kalispell, Mont.; March 2015, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise