Breakthrough in 3D technology as new technique regenerates complex nerves

 As 3D printing gains pace in the medical field, a national team of researchers has announced the development a groundbreaking 3D-printed guide that helps regrow both the sensory and motor functions of complex nerves after injury.

Scientists have created a 3D nerve regenerator.
Image credit: University of Minnesota

Nerve regeneration is a complex process, which means that regrowth of nerves and regaining full motor sensory function after injury or disease is very rare. 

Nerve damage is often permanent. The new technique could help more than 200,000 people annually, following nerve injuries or disease, according to the new study, published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials.

Researchers used a combination of 3D imaging and 3D printing techniques to create a custom silicone guide implanted with biochemical cues to help regenerate complex nerves.

While regrowth of linear nerves has been achieved in the past, this is the first time a custom guide has been created in order to regrow a complex nerve - like the Y-shaped sciatic nerve - with both sensory and motor branches.

The guide's effectiveness was tested in the lab using rats. The first step was to use a 3D scanner to reverse engineer the structure of a rat's sciatic nerve.

Guide for regeneration created by 3D printer

The team then used a specialized, custom-built 3D printer to print a guide for regeneration.

The guide, which incorporated 3D-printed chemical cues to promote motor and sensory nerve generation, was then implanted into the rat by surgically grafting it to the cut ends of the nerve.

Within about 10-12 weeks, the rat's ability to walk again was improved.

Scanning and printing takes about an hour, but it needs several weeks for the body to regrow the nerves. The next step would be to implant the guide into humans rather than rats, according to the researchers at the University of Minnesota Mechanical Engineering Department, who added:

"Someday we hope that we could have a 3D scanner and printer right at the hospital to create custom nerve guides right on site to restore nerve function."

The video below shows the 3D printer in action:

The researchers propose the development of a library of scanned nerves for cases where a nerve is unavailable for scanning. The data could be taken from other people or cadavers that hospitals could use to create closely matched 3D-printed guides for patients.

Another team of researchers at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia, who was recently involved in creating a 3D sternum and ribs device, points out that 3D printing is especially relevant for medical application because it lends itself to complex or customized products.

They stated that 3D printing is a more expensive option than conventional manufacturing, but it is viable for low-volume runs, or in cases where an item is too complex to manufacture any other way. However, she notes that it will become more financially viable over time as productivity increases.

References:

1.  3D printed anatomical nerve regeneration pathways, Michael McAlpine et al., Advanced Functional Materials, doi: 10.1002/adfm.201501760, published online 18 September 2015, abstract.
2.  University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering news release, accessed 18 September 2015 via Newswise.